Articles by the Network Thessayist

overwhelming intolerance of mental illness is a global problem and he said simply assigned to the care and treatment of countless professionals they need and help them overcome their condition and to a refusal to lead a normal life. The magnitude of the problem and the urgency to develop strategies for de-stigmatization of mental illness can not be fully in the prevalence of incidents of mental illness can be estimated. Worldwide, and by the World Health Organization estimates that mental health disorders accounted for 25% of all visits to general practitioners. Often manifest themselves in physical symptoms, mental disorders are difficult to diagnose and more cases than not identified after a series of physical tests to determine the source of health problems are made. In other words, mental illnesses through a process of elimination (; Barraclough, 1998 Read and Baker, 1996) diagnoses. The implication is that nearly a quarter of the world population suffers at some point in their life or another mental health problems. Very few have access to professional help they need and those who seek help, resort, medical rather than mental health professionals who often contributes to further complication of the problem. In short, and as mentioned, the problem persists, only because no other diagnosis and treatment of mental health professionals that the diagnosis inefficient.The problematic and complicated, treatment and control of mental health problems for a variety of reasons, problems, all related to the stigma of this disease category. Diagnosis, treatment and control are problematic because (1) stigma is an admission of a patient’s mental state and / or his / her family difficult, (2) the stigma of mental illness means that patients medical rather than mental health professionals for diagnosis and treatment and those who do not need the expertise to be an accurate diagnosis or an effective treatment program (Grob, 1994), (3) the stigma of disease Mental Health, which advises in many countries and cultures, specialized psychiatric or medical or nursing with the result that a lack of mental health professionals, a (Loza, 2006) (4) stigma of mental illness in the near-exclusion of psychiatric care from government health programs, with the consequence stated that only can afford very little, treatment, and (5) the stigma of mental illness identified that this category of diseases are not taken seriously or physiological disease severity, with the result that state services does not have the resources to provide patients with the necessary treatment (Satcher, 2000) provide. As the above discussion, the mentally ill against the nature of their suffering discrimination can be determined. The fact that their disease was not observed not only understood that public health policy and private health insurance does not cover psychiatric treatment, but continued to ensure that they are openly discriminated against. The mentally ill are the company to the extent that people associate them with fear, rental housing for them to work with them or ostracized employment opportunities. Stigma, discrimination implies, means that the mentally ill have access to resources and opportunities are denied. This only increased the severity of the disease, as well as isolation and denial of access to opportunities leading to low self-esteem, loneliness and despair (Penn & Martin, 1998, Corrigan and Penn, 1999). The stigma of mental illness or mental illness is often a challenge, that the adoption of intervention strategies aimed at promoting understanding of mental health and the promotion of tolerance must be treated against the mentally ill. Lauber et al. (2004) insists that education is the most important de-stigmatization of mental illness. The proposal is valid because it correctly identifies ignorance as the cause of the stigma of mental illness and the promotion of awareness and knowledge of how the solution. While valid, but the proposal is not complete because they do not recognize the educators nor the content of education / awareness program promotion. From the scientific point of view, and as will now be argued that nursing has a role to ply in promoting awareness of mental illness and is successful de-stigmatization of mental illness depends largely on the strategies de-stigmatization of the nurses to adopt and the extent of them efficiently and effectively carry out this responsibility. [Continued ...] the stigmatization of the mentally ill in the Arab Middle East as Arab mental health professionals, among which we quote Loza (2006), Sadek (2006) and Okasha (2006), is the mental health system in the Middle East virtually nonexistent. The mental health care in the Arab Maghreb countries is almost nonexistent in the countries of the Levant, ineffective, and the rich Arab Gulf States, for isolation of ill conceived from their communities, rather than treatment. For various reasons, Egypt is the only Arab country with the past as a mental health system, despite its largely limited to the public sector and thus the financial reach of most (Zidan, 1999). Of course, there are mental health facilities in all Arab countries. However, without exception, these schools are overcrowded maximum security, where the average patient does not receive more than one hour of professional attention in the month. Otherwise, a strong regime of drug therapy is administered to patients and, in extreme cases, electro-therapy. As Sadek (2006) noted, the purpose of these institutions are not treating the mentally ill, but their isolation from society. Although mental health professionals should be done is the fact that resources are not readily available, they are trained psychiatric nurses, psychologists or doctors psychiatrists.Arab Middle East found that the failure singular Arab countries to develop a strong and effective system of health care is directly affecting the stigma and misunderstandings and misconceptions surrounding mental illness (Zidan, 1999; Loza, 2006; Okasha, 2006). The stigma of mental illness has ensured that only a tiny percentage of all medical students specializing in psychiatry and few of those who enroll in nursing degree specializing in psychiatric care (Belal, 2003). There is a severe shortage of mental health and the medical community, lack of understanding and awareness of the reality of mental illness. The stigma of mental illness and diseases are responsible for this situation.The stigma of mental illness in the Middle East is primarily rooted in the ancient beliefs and practices. The widespread perception of mental illness by evil spirits or nature itself, which is bad and dangerous to the point of criminal insanity had not been sufficiently taken into account. Undesirable convictions was allowed to multiply, and are for use by a media that has a mental illness more as a result of demonic possession or criminal insanity, and calls for the separation of the mentally ill in society (Okasha, 2006) promoted. Societal attitudes toward mental illness are caused by dominant grain and not informed by facts. As already mentioned, have been diagnosed with mental illness, whether mild or severe depression, schizophrenia, as “possessed” with the severity of the disease, which is interpreted directly related to the type of `property.” This particular stigma is very popular among the Bedouins and the lower class urban and rural communities across the Arab world and found `treatment ‘by religious leaders, whether Christian or Muslim priest sheiks, rather than health professionals mental (Saleh, 2004). Among the middle classes, both urban and rural, all forms of mental illness are discriminated against. you’re the punishment for the perceived immorality of symptoms and therefore shameful laziness and weakness character, and therefore solvable behavior approaches corrective measures. In the rare cases where family members to identify the disease to be real and recognize the need for professional intervention, they resort to physiological, non-psychiatric treatment (Loza, 2006). It is, in other words, take a stubborn refusal of mental illness as seriously as stigma ignorance.Private determined and supported by mental health institutions throughout the Arab world are available and resources for diagnosis, treatment and control of mental illness. However, they are extremely expensive and suffer no option for the majority of mental health (Loza, 2006). The only way that the mental health will suffer in the Arab countries to provide professional care they need is supported by the stigma of mental illness. stigmatization, Sadek (2006), encourages victims to seek help, which in turn exposed the true extent of the demand for mental health treatment and services across the Middle East, said the cost of removing / ignoring the problem and encourages the adoption of health policies, adequate to the needs of mentally ill and provide professionals with the means to control the disease and / or treatment (Okasha, 2006). Various strategies and approaches for de-stigmatization of mental illness have been proposed, with the majority of the deep involvement of professionals Nursing. In Arab countries, the stigma of mental illness by involving nurses provide many challenges, but if they are challenges to overcome, will contribute positively to the stigma. StrategiesConsidering nursing intervention that the stigma of mental disorders in the Arab world in the ancient beliefs, traditions and cultural rituals, anthropologists and sociologists say they have roots that can be done to eliminate these scars in the context of a socio-cultural approach. Saleh (2003), written from the perspective of a cultural anthropologist who insists that the only effective way to remove the scar surrounding mental health in the Arab world through an awareness campaign in the media. As proposed, the campaign focused on stigma around mental illness , put the old roots of these prejudices and effectively demonstrate that they are based on myths, not facts, and contrary to scientific findings and research results (Saleh, 2003). A mental health awareness campaign would be likely to contribute to the deconstruction of the dominant myths about mental illness. More importantly, it could spread awareness about the curability / controllability of mental illness and how the public views its causes and consequences of events. However, a critical analysis of this particular proposal, it is somewhat limited in scope and has the ability to change fundamental beliefs about mental disorders. Simply put, and as confirmed by Fadel (2001), would not only such a campaign can be extremely expensive, but it could not be sustained for a long time, and when deep-rooted prejudices are changing, long-term solutions are needed, not campaign, whose message is probably as fast as the campaign itself forgotten intervention ends . Nursing as the most effective and viable long term solution to the problem of stigmatization of mental illness. The position of the acting professional care in the community, as evidenced by several researchers, makes it easy. professional nurses / practitioner , as is the contrast psychiatrist ideally located for the stigma of mental illness in the address of the profession of the mentally ill themselves and the community. As for the stigma of mental illness within the medical profession Several studies have shown, in fact, that in health care, both doctors and nurses, have bad ideas and misconceptions about mental illness. A significant percentage of doctors and nurses tend to stereotype, the mentally ill and considered an unwanted burden on the health system. As Harpell (2005:1) writes, in hospitals, “mental health consumers were represented disturbed and aggressive, with a strong assumption that they restrict access to services at the expense of other more deserving, namely the physically sick and wounded. “Writing from the perspective of a psychiatric nurse, Harpell (2005) NS argue that mental illness stigma in the medical community to separate the symptoms of the inexplicable that has developed between the sciences of physical and mental. This separation is largely traceable to the stigma of mental illness and the underlying assumption that mental illness or psychiatric, not a serious branch of medicine and certainly not the same value on the branch physiological (Swindle et al ., 1997). In other words, the separation between mental and physical expressiveness of the medical community stigma of mental illness and only serves to promote the continued discrimination against mental ill.Krizner (2002) argues that the first step in providing adequate mental illnesses for patients is the stigma of mental illness within the medical profession itself. Krizna After (2002) are not best placed to hide the scars to mental health disorders as mental health nurses to address. This argument rests on two assumptions. The first is that nurses work closely with physicians and is the main communication channel between physicians and patients. That’s why they play a crucial role in shaping the perception of doctors to patients and their symptoms. is the second assumption, that nurse senior nurse training new graduates, in addition to those they play a crucial role in the formation and support of medical student and resident. For this reason and as Krizna (2002) argues that the training of professional nurses on the impact of mental illness, whether their chosen specialty, is a fundamental step towards de-stigmatizing mental illness in the medical community because the positioning and role of nurses therein.Krizner ‘s (2002) argument is only valid for a period. Certainly, if nurses are knowledge about mental illness, they can not communicate with each other, as knowledge / awareness of doctors and the stigma of mental disorders. In general, however, when nurses carry out this task properly, it is necessary that health care professionals and continuing education programs revised to provide a solid foundation in mental health, regardless of whether or not the selected area specialization. Even you accept that the professional care and training program was revised to in-depth training in mental health, which is still not considered a viable and effective, as far as the stigma of mental illness arise in the Arab world. Simply, and as an expression of Loza have (2006) no more than 10-15% of nurses across the Arab world experienced at the level of education and vocational training. This has both a lack of professional nurses in the region and the entry of non-professionals in the call out, which means they bring their own scars on mental illness with them. In fact, nurses are also non-professionals who are willing to work in a psychiatric facility, or with mentally ill patients is extremely difficult. Therefore, the idea that the stigma of mental illness can occur in nursing Arabic, is not healthy (2006). [More ...]

Articles by the Network Thessayist

Health experts estimate IntroductionMental in the Arab Middle East, at least 60% of the population aged 14 and over, with psychological problems. Dr Nasser Loza (2006), owner and CEO of the largest private psychiatric hospital in the region, Behman hospital in Egypt, contradicting this assessment. Loza (2006) pointed out that the number is much higher. Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, for example, both practitioners of physical and mental health, the number to about three-quarters of depression about 14 years and older identified as the condition most common (Loza, 2006). Mental health problems, like the vast majority of physiological diseases are curable or less controllable. Treatment or control of the problem, however, depends primarily on the recognition of its existence and the subsequent search of professional help. In the Arab Middle East, as is the case with the regions, countries and cultures around the world there has been a persistent refusal to admit the existence of a mental or try to at least its existence to the point recognize a cure. As a teacher of Loza (2006) explains, despite the fact that there are some very good mental health institutions and professionals in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, it’s incredibly rare for a Saudi and a Kuwaiti national to seek treatment in his home country. The stigma associated with mental health problems, it is almost impossible to tolerate for many with the concept of isolation / social exclusion, which would inevitably result from the recognition of such a problem. Therefore, if the mental health problem to the point where it is debilitating and difficult to reach to hide, the patient’s family agreed to treatment if the treatment is outside the country of origin and receiving anonymous. Needless to say, many can not afford treatment and the possibility for the vast majority are either not treated, which is so bad, much better is the widespread practice of self-medication and treatment (Loza, 2006) . The stigma of mental health is a formidable obstacle to treatment. Fearing stigma, victims are reluctant to admit to their condition and seek help. Family, friends, colleagues and society in general, plays an active role to help ensure that this reserve is preserved and transformed into a categorical refusal to recognize the problem and seek treatment. Needless to say that mental health professionals have repeatedly addressed this issue and identified strategies to solving the stigmatization of mental health problems and conditions to believe that the elimination of stigma, facilitating the access to treatment. A World Health Organization (2001) White Paper on the stigma of mental health believes that nursing, mental health nurses in particular must play a more active role in eliminating the stigma of mental disorders. A critical analysis of nursing intervention strategies described for the confrontation, and eliminating the stigma of mental illness health indicates that several intervention strategies proposed may have a positive and constructive role in reducing the stigma these to play, but its withdrawal is a long-term care requires much more than research intervention.This will argue that intervention strategies may be nursing an invaluable role to play in reducing stigma mental health. As part of the Middle East, at least, reducing the stigma attached to help those affected to admit their problem and actively seek treatment. However, in the footsteps of the historical relationship between stigma and disease and the factors influencing the stigma of mental illness is clear that care is intervention strategies must be expanded to make the address and the formation of companies own and not only by experts, stakeholders and parents, as has been proposed (World Health Organization, 2001). The stigma of the disease “Stigma is a pervasive influence on disease progression and responses of nations, communities, families and individuals with the disease” (Keusch, Wilentz, and Kleinman, 2006, p. 526). He a strong influence on the disease and the spread of disease because of the stigma surrounding a wide range of physiological and psychological effectively prevents victims to express their complaints to admit the existence of the disease and / or its symptoms and to its treatment. Stigmatization of diseases continues to approval in some cultures unusable. For example, in many villages and cities in China and India, HIV and cancer patients banned completely. Their children are banned in schools participants, their parents and family members are released from plants and in more cases than not, administrators village water and electricity supply, cut off the suffering at home, and all its parents to drive out the area (Keusch, Wilentz, and Kleinman, 2006). The stigma of the disease prevents the active affirmation of their presence and / or its symptoms. The result is not only the death of a disease potentially curable or controllable, but the uncontrolled spread transmission / disease. When viewed from this perspective, the cost of stigma for individuals, families, communities and nations is almost immeasurable. Goal to reduce the size of the problem, the Fogarty International Center, in collaboration with the World Health Organization, organized by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research through an international conference entitled “Stigma and Global Health: The Development of a research program “(Michels et al., 2006). The Conference of the primary objectives were to develop a research agenda to determine the causes of the disease and the stigma of the articulation of effective intervention strategies to address and resolve the causes of stigma (Michels et al., 2006). The conference, a number of diseases whose treatment and control were virtually prohibited by their stigma. Indeed found that the stigma of physiological diseases such as HIV can have drastic effects on communities and nations, as far as their stigma facilitates the transfer of their conference, no group of diseases, suffer from stigma and than mental health. It is, therefore, that the organizers of the emergency conference to investigate the reasons for the stigmatization of mental health problems, the consequences of stigmatization of individuals and communities and articulating strategies for corrective action developed to address the problem (Michels et al said. Determination, 2006). The stigma of the disease of mental health of every society, culture and nation has deep-rooted prejudice against the mentally ill. Jamison (2006) points out that research has proven effective as the stigmatization of mental health problems have their roots in ancient beliefs about and attitudes toward mental illness a. For two Link et al. Have explained (1999) and Lauber et al (2004), these beliefs and attitudes, handed down from one generation to another over time, in many societies, the development of open commitment to social prejudice of bad psychological with the prevailing attitude, a complete rejection of mental disorders and patients tolerate them. Otherwise, feared and despised, are suffering mental health is often a danger to society or as weak and ineffectual personalities who do not know how to deal with life and survival needs into consideration. Both attitudes have deconstructive public opinion on mental health suffer assigned. The first notice indicates that the dangers to society, suffer from mental health should simply be locked up. The second opinion very explicitly that since the mental health of those affected do not have to do, what it means to live and survive, they need as their families better, they died (Link et al, 1999; . Lauber, 2004; Jamison, 2006). Given the mention negative public opinion about mental illness, and not to the unfriendly attitude towards the victims, Link et al. (1999) argue that there is little chance or tolerance for open discussion about mental illness. In a surprising number of countries, the media must print and broadcast media discriminatory views on mental health that have never tolerated it does from any other group of people would. The media’s ability to do, whether in the so-called enlightened West or the Middle East, discrimination is not simply an expression of the prevailing deconstructive and negative mental health, but is primarily used to justify intolerance and maintain. The stigmatization of the mentally ill is largely a consequence of ignorance about mental health and various diseases, which embraces it. Research on the stigma of mental illness and strategies that are used for various scars can to address the state claims that the first step of de-stigmatization of the articulation of prevailing prejudices about mental illness (World Health Organization Health, 2001). Studies on the stigma of mental illness shows that the negative attitude towards the mentally ill are a number of false insane. The first is that the whole concept of mental illness is a myth and that psychological problems are not serious illnesses that require medical attention (World Health Organization, 2001). The second is that mental illness is an excuse for general laziness and a general willingness to work and a member of society. The third is that mental illness is nothing but a symptom of weakness of character, which is only enhanced when “the victims are pampered” (Bolton, 2003) should be. Mental illness, in other words, not taken seriously and if they like an excuse for the reluctance of some to work and take responsibility is defined by itself will not be tolerated. In the context of societies that are intolerant of mental illness policy, to the expression of discrimination against mental illness. Few public funds on mental illness to be associated with access to psychiatric care is problematic because the available resources, by no means the necessary health plans rarely cover mental illnesses fall, open to employees suffering mental health and to distinguish the search for mental illness occupies the lowest public priorities (Jamison, 2006). stigma of mental illness, in other words, filtered through the order and determined that the victims suffer in silence and survive their condition as good as they can, often without access to professionals they require.The health stigma of mental illness and to help will always be present, mental health is affected not limited to one country or culture. Corrigan et al. (2004) state that has conducted studies and surveys on public opinion towards mental illness revealed that stigmatizing attitudes, and culminated in a discriminatory health policy and in business is a huge problem in the United States and many Western Europe. Brockington et al. (1993) support this conclusion and maintain a direct result of social intolerance and community mental health. Matching presented Weiner (1995) demonstrate that the discrimination of mental illness and mental health confirmed work on a global level. Indeed, while mental health professionals can call the UK for more social understanding of mental illness and the urgency to assert more public support, Western societies infinitely tolerant of mental illness than East. In societies of the East, such as Asia and the Middle East, there is an overwhelming tendency to eliminate all forms of mental illness insanity synonymous with Outlaw and completely mentally ill (Weiner, 1995). [More ...]